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\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.<br \/>\n<strong>* \u06af\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0651\u06a9\u0627\u0646:<\/strong> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0651\u06a9\u0627\u0646 (\u06f1\u06f2\u06f0\u06f3-\u06f1\u06f2\u06f8\u06f2 \u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<br \/>\n&gt; &#8220;\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064f\u0631\u06a9\u06cc&#8230; \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u064b&#8221;<br \/>\n&gt; \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 &#8220;\u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u064b&#8221; \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>* \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631:<\/strong> \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647:<br \/>\n<strong>* \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u064f\u0635\u06cc\u0628\u0639\u0647 (\u0639\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621):<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 &#8220;\u062a\u0631\u06a9&#8221; \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062f.<br \/>\n<strong>* \u06cc\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u06cc (\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646):<\/strong> \u0632\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 &#8220;\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06a9&#8221; \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f.<br \/>\n<strong>* \u0642\u0641\u0637\u06cc (\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621):<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<br \/>\n<strong>* \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a):<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<br \/>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f4. \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<br \/>\n<strong>* \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc:<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u062f\u0631 \u0648 \u062c\u062f \u0627\u0648\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f:<br \/>\n<strong>* &#8220;\u0637\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646&#8221;:<\/strong> \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u00bb \u06cc\u0627 \u00ab\u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0647\u00bb \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0641\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<br \/>\n<strong>* &#8220;\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0644\u063a&#8221;:<\/strong> \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc &#8220;\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0634\u062a &#8221; \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>* \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n* \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc:<\/strong> \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<br \/>\n<strong>* \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f:<\/strong> \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628 (\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0632\u0627\u0642\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u06cc)\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0641\u062a.<br \/>\n<strong>* \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631:<\/strong> \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f:<br \/>\n<strong>* \u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633 (Dimitri Gutas):<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c Greek Thought, Arabic Culture\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc-\u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06a9-\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<br \/>\n<strong>* \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646 (Zeki Velidi Togan):<\/strong> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<br \/>\n<strong>* \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631:<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u0646 Britannica \u0648 Encyclopaedia Islamica \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f5. \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f:<br \/>\n<strong>* \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u200c\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.<br \/>\n<strong>* \u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u200c\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f6. \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc: \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<br \/>\n\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u200c\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641. \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 (\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.<br \/>\n* \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0651\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642: \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u06f2. (\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc)<br \/>\n* \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u064f\u0635\u06cc\u0628\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. \u0639\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u06cc \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642: \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f6\u06f5. (\u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9)<br \/>\n* \u06cc\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642: \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f0. (\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062f\u0631 &#8220;\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06a9&#8221;)<br \/>\n* \u0642\u0641\u0637\u06cc\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646. \u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f0\u06f8. (\u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9)<br \/>\n* \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642: \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f9. (\u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9)<br \/>\n<strong>\u0628. \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc (\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<br \/>\n* \u06af\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u06cc (Gutas, Dimitri). Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early &#8216;Abbasid Society. Routledge, London, 1998.<br \/>\n* \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0686\u0627\u0631\u062f (Walzer, Richard). Al-Farabi and the Classical Heritage. In: R. Walzer, Greek into Arabic, Cambridge University Press, 1962.<br \/>\n* \u0637\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc (Togan, Zeki Velidi). Umumi T\u00fcrk Tarihine Giri\u015f (Introduction to General Turkic History). \u0130stanbul, 1981.<br \/>\n* \u0622\u062a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f (Ate\u015f, Ahmet). Farabi&#8217;nin Hayat\u0131 ve Eserleri (Al-Farabi&#8217;s Life and Works). T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 1995.<br \/>\n* \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c (Sarton, George). Introduction to the History of Science. Vol. I, The Williams &amp; Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1927.<br \/>\n<strong>\u062c. \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631<\/strong><br \/>\n* \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc. (Encyclopaedia Islamica). \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 &#8220;\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc&#8221;.<br \/>\n* \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0627. (Encyclopaedia Britannica). \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 &#8220;Al-Farabi&#8221;.<br \/>\n* \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (The Encyclopaedia of Islam). \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0645. \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 &#8220;al-Farabi&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631: \u00ab\u0622\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc: \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc (\u06f8\u06f7\u06f0-\u06f9\u06f5\u06f0 \u0645)\u060c \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":547,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-33"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc: \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc - \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/csesin.ir\/?p=536\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc: \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc - 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